This is an in-depth breakdown of the Planner system assumptions.

General

All System Assumptions are Documented

Withdrawal Order

Start Dates and Stop Dates

Today's Dollars or Future Dollars

Depreciation of Assets

Accounts

Deductible Contributions

Excess Income

Taxes

Social Security

Medicare Expenses

Long-Term Care Expenses

The Boldin Planner is intended to help you create a long-term financial plan, understand the interdependencies among plan elements, and make sound decisions. Each plan is founded on multiple assumptions, such as asset growth rates, inflation, and income tax legislation. As a result, the projected estate value, estimated account values, withdrawals, and tax liability will fluctuate.

PlannerPlus is currently a forward-looking projection engine. The calculations and projections move forward each month. For this reason, we recommend using tax software or working with a tax professional for current-year tax planning.

Your goal for retirement planning is to fund retirement through your and your spouse’s projected longevity with both optimistic and pessimistic assumptions. Your goal is preset using projections for the average life spans of people your age in the United States. You may see your longevity number and update it in My Plan > Profile & Goals.

By clicking "My Assumptions" toward the top right of any page, you can reveal a link to view all System Assumptions. When you apply the average assumptions, the Planner computes the linear average of the optimistic and pessimistic assumptions.

To view the default settings, please refer to this article: Default Assumptions.

The Planner will automatically fund the expenses in your plan. It will first use available Income such as work income, Social Security, Pensions, etc.

When income does not meet your expense need, the Planner will fund the remaining expenses with distributions based upon a your Withdrawal Strategy and a default withdrawal order as below.

Within each category, the growth rate on accounts will influence the order of withdrawals. Accounts with the lowest growth rate will be used first, allowing accounts with higher growth rates to continue to grow for the longest period of time. 529 savings are not included in the withdrawal sequence and must be explicitly disbursed as one-time withdrawals.

Due to this feature, in most cases, drawdown amounts are not something you would define manually. You do have the ability to add additional distributions from investment accounts by adding transfers from those accounts to an after tax account.

Start Dates become effective in the month you turn the age selected. Stop Dates are effective through the month you are the age selected.

When you select "Retirement Date" as an end date, the expense or income ends immediately prior to the retirement date.

You may use the Today's/Future Dollars Toggle to view your plan in either today's or future value using the feature available in the Assumptions Toggle.

These are different ways of presenting values over time. You can learn more about this feature in this article.

In our software, future dollars for expenses are computed based upon the general inflation rate you have selected in your Assumptions and the view (Optimistic/Pessimistic/Average) you have applied to your plan. If you state an expense or payment as occurring today or in the current year, there is no inflationary impact and the values will be the same. Values for savings are computed based upon the rate of return you enter and other items are computed based upon the relevant growth or COLAs.

In Planner, you currently have the ability to model depreciation of "Other Assets."

The default rates of return in the Planner are 5% in the Optimistic Assumption and 2% in the Pessimistic Assumption, and PlannerPlus subscribers have the ability to change the rates of return. We ask that you enter nominal rates to represent your expected return.

For PreTax accounts (401ks, IRAs, Other PreTax), contributions reduce your taxable income, returns are not taxed, and all distributions are taxed as income. These accounts are also subject to required minimum distributions.

Starting at age 72 or later, the calculator estimates required minimum distributions based on IRS Publication 590-B. Excess withdrawals not used to cover monthly expenses are assumed to be added to your Excess Income.

For Roth accounts, contributions do not reduce your taxable income since these accounts are funded with after-tax dollars. However, the model assumes no taxes on the growth and distributions from these accounts.

For HSA accounts, contributions are treated as pre-tax and will reduce your taxable income for federal taxes and all states except California and New Jersey. Returns are not taxed except in California and New Jersey. All distributions are assumed to be used on healthcare expenses and so are not taxed. These accounts are not subject to required minimum distributions.

For 529 accounts, contributions are treated as post-tax for federal taxes but as pre-tax and will reduce your taxable income in all states except California, Delaware, Hawaii, Kentucky, Maine, New Jersey, and North Carolina. Indiana, Utah, and Vermont offer tax credits for contributions rather than tax deductions and are treated as such. Returns are not taxed. All distributions are assumed to be used on education expenses, and so are not taxed. These accounts are not subject to required minimum distributions.

At this time, the model does not assume any penalties for early withdrawals.

If you model a Roth conversion, the amount being converted is treated as taxable income at the age selected for conversion. Simulated new Roth accounts grow at specified rates of return and withdrawals are tax-free.

Other Savings are considered after-tax accounts. Contributions do not reduce taxable income.

You have the ability to view your deductible contributions in the Insight > Taxes > Federal Tax Deductions Chart.

Excess income is money that is not earmarked in your plan to be saved or spent and can be accessed through My Plan > Money Flows > Excess Income.

You will have “excess income” anytime your monthly income from ALL sources – including Required Minimum Distributions (RMDs) – is higher than what you have specified for your total monthly expenses. Some years, you may earn more than you have designated in your budget, so you will need to tell the tool what to do with the excess income.

Note: The tool will automatically default to choose "Other Savings" for your excess income, a default account. If you set up custom savings accounts in My Plan > Savings and Assets, you will be able to designate one of your own After-tax accounts for your Excess Income. We suggest that you do this, as rates of return can have a significant impact on your plan results

You can view your Excess Income in the Insights > Surplus/Gap chart.

Boldin utilizes proprietary methods to reasonably estimate taxes and therefore tax estimates should only be considered directional. As needed, consult a tax professional for more precise tax estimates, payment, and filing requirements if you want more precise values.

For PlannerPlus users, income taxes are estimated using all currently available state and federal tax rates and tax brackets through longevity. Or, because tax rates may rise at the end of 2025, you can switch to project your federal taxes using higher rates in the Assumptions section of My Plan. (For this, the system will employ the 2017 rates and brackets for 2026 taxes onward.)

In addition, income taxes are estimated using either standard deductions for single/married filers or itemized deductions, whichever is optimal each year for both federal and state income tax calculations. Free users have a flat 3% state tax rate modeled.

Itemized deductions include mortgage interest, state income tax, and all deductions listed on My Plan > Expenses, including property tax; for Federal Income Taxes, the Tax Cuts and Jobs ACT (TCJA) $10,000 cap on State and Local Taxes (SALT) is enforced.

Taxes portrayed in the Insights > Tax > Estimated Taxes Chart represent the current year's taxes.

Taxes portrayed in the Insights > Income and Expenses > Estimated Expenses Chart represent the prior year’s estimated tax liability.

In most years, you should be able to match the tax liability from one year's Insights > Tax > Estimated Tax Chart liability projection with the tax liability of next year's Income and Expenses > Estimated Expenses Chart. However, in years where unordinary events occur, like if your income drops or increases significantly within a year, you will see more variability in the tax projections the following year due to an annual adjustment similar to a tax refund or payment due the IRS.

Future Social Security estimates are subject to wage offsets as described here.

The planner computes the Full Retirement Age (FRA) for both you and your spouse (if applicable) from your data, and you will input the Primary Insurance Amount (PIA) and the age at which you claim. Using this data, the planner will apply early retirement reductions or delayed retirement credits to your PIA to determine your benefits at claiming age.

The planner will also automatically calculate spousal benefits. For you and your spouse, the tool will use your own benefit or your spousal benefit, whichever is greater.

Additionally, at longevity age of the first spouse, the model will assume the surviving spouse will receive 100% of the deceased’s benefit, if greater.

The amount of Social Security income that is considered taxable is based on publication 915 for federal income tax and state-specific rules for state income tax.

For non-PlannerPlus users, a blended federal-state income tax table is used with 2022 standard deduction amounts to approximate US national averages. The amount of Social Security income that is considered taxable is based on publication 915 guidance.

The estimate for Medicare expenses modeled in Planner is inclusive of premiums and out-of-pocket expenses. These include dental costs, but not vision. As future healthcare costs are difficult to estimate, we rely upon the average cost by state data from Medicare.gov in our projections. PlannerPlus subscriber medicare estimates are state-specific. Additionally, PlannerPlus users can model different policy, health, and premium level options to more accurately estimate medicare expenses. Bear in mind that plans are state-specific. Estimates used in Planner are based upon of assumptions for:

The values are adjusted from today using the medical inflation rate in your plan.

Default medical out-of-pocket expenses after 65 are estimated using national averages provided by Medicare.gov, assuming “Excellent” health. Having or planning to get Medicare supplemental insurance assumes the low premium Medigap policy with a drug coverage plan.

PlannerPlus subscriber medicare estimates are state-specific. Additionally, PlannerPlus users can model different policy, health, and premium level options to more accurately estimate medicare expenses. Income Related Monthly Adjustment Amounts (IRMAA) are factored into Part B and Part D premium calculations for high-income PlannerPlus users, appropriately.

PRO TIP: Set your medical inflation rate to zero in your Assumptions and head over to your Insights > Income and Expenses > Estimated Expenses Chart to view your projected medical costs in today's dollars.

According to Genworth, the median cost of care in an assisted living facility in the United States in 2021 was $4,500 per month. Based upon this data, the Planner's default modeling includes $1,600/mo for 12 months and then $4,800/mo for 16 months in today’s dollars during the last 28 months of your life (or your spouse's) if you do not indicate that you have a long-term care policy, plan to purchase a long-term care policy to cover long-term care, expect a family member to help care for you, or predict that you will not ever need long-term care. You might want to research costs in your area and at your comfort level and make adjustments you feel appropriate.

You can view these long-term care expenses in your Insights > Income and Expenses > Estimated Expenses Chart

You have the ability to change the long-term care assumptions in My Plan > Expenses > Long-Term Care.

If you select "Plan to use home equity to fund the costs," the Planner will model the long-term care costs described above. You may want to go to the housing page and estimate when the care would be needed and how you might want to access your home equity. Common solutions include getting a reverse mortgage to fund in-home care and selling your home to fund a nursing home.

If you select "Have a long-term care policy" or "Plan to purchase a long-term care policy," the Planner will model 20% of the long-term care expenses in the last 28 months of your life (or your spouse's), as if the insurance pays the other 80%. Take care to include the cost of any long-term care insurance in your recurring expenses.

If you have medical coverage or don't need long-term care, you can select "Will never require any long-term care." The Planner will assume that you have no long-term care expenses.

Bear in mind that long-term care expenses are subject to the medical inflation rates in your plan assumptions.

PRO TIP: Set your medical inflation rate to zero in your Assumptions and head over to your Insights > Income and Expenses > Estimated Expenses Chart to view your projected long-term care costs in today's dollars.